Advanced 3D-Printed Multiphasic Scaffold with Optimal PRP Dosage for Chondrogenesis of BM-MSCs in Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

TL;DR

This study develops a 3D-printed multiphasic scaffold with optimal PRP dosage to enhance chondrogenesis of BM-MSCs, addressing the challenge of regenerating both bone and cartilage in osteochondral tissue engineering.

Contribution

It introduces a novel 3D-printed multiphasic scaffold with optimized PRP dosage and GO concentration, improving osteochondral regeneration by promoting BM-MSC differentiation.

Findings

1% GO chosen for optimal biocompatibility and mechanical strength

2% PRP enhances BM-MSC adhesion, growth, and viability

Increased chondrogenic markers and GAGs synthesis observed with 2% PRP

Abstract

In osteochondral tissue engineering (OCTE), simultaneously regenerating subchondral bone and cartilage tissue presents a significant challenge. Multiphasic scaffolds were created and manufactured using 3D printing to address this issue. Excellent interfacial mechanical properties and biocompatibility enhance the growth and chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The subchondral bone bottom layer is mimicked by incorporating varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) (0%, 1%, and 2% w/v) into a bioink composed of alginate (Alg) and gelatin (Gel). Based on evaluations of mechanical and biocompatibility properties, 1% GO is selected for further studies. Subsequently, the GO concentration is kept constant while varying the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) dosage in the multiphasic scaffolds. Different PRP dosages (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v) are integrated into the Alg-Gel bioink to simulate cartilage tissues. Results indicate that 3D-printed scaffolds containing 1% or 2% PRP exhibit favorable biomechanical properties, with no significant differences observed. However, BM-MSCs exposed to 2% PRP demonstrate enhanced adhesion, growth, and viability. Additionally, real-time PCR and Alcian blue staining confirm increased chondrogenic expression and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis. This work highlights the promising potential of 3D-printed multiphasic frameworks in the development of OCTE.