A Novel Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Counterfactual Generation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for generating counterfactual explanations in machine learning, emphasizing lexicographic optimization and resilience to monotonicity violations, improving validity and interpretability.

Contribution

It presents a novel lexicographic multi-objective EA for counterfactuals and extends validity to include resilience to monotonicity violations, enhancing explanation quality.

Findings

The lexicographic EA performs competitively with Pareto-based methods.

The validity extension significantly increases counterfactual validity.

Experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate robustness and effectiveness.

Abstract

Machine learning algorithms that learn black-box predictive models (which cannot be directly interpreted) are increasingly used to make predictions affecting the lives of people. It is important that users understand the predictions of such models, particularly when the model outputs a negative prediction for the user (e.g. denying a loan). Counterfactual explanations provide users with guidance on how to change some of their characteristics to receive a different, positive classification by a predictive model. For example, if a predictive model rejected a loan application from a user, a counterfactual explanation might state: If your salary was {\pounds}50,000 (rather than your current {\pounds}35,000), then your loan would be approved. This paper proposes two novel contributions: (a) a novel multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) for counterfactual generation based on lexicographic optimisation, rather than the more popular Pareto dominance approach; and (b) an extension to the definition of the objective of validity for a counterfactual, based on measuring the resilience of a counterfactual to violations of monotonicity constraints which are intuitively expected by users; e.g., intuitively, the probability of a loan application to be approved would monotonically increase with an increase in the salary of the applicant. Experiments involving 15 experimental settings (3 types of black box models times 5 datasets) have shown that the proposed lexicographic optimisation-based EA is very competitive with an existing Pareto dominance-based EA; and the proposed extension of the validity objective has led to a substantial increase in the validity of the counterfactuals generated by the proposed EA.