Cryogenic SiPMs for the Optical Readout of DarkSide-20k

TL;DR

This paper discusses the development and deployment of cryogenic silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for the DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment, highlighting their advantages, design, and large-scale production for optical readout in a cryogenic environment.

Contribution

It introduces the Photon Detector Unit (PDU), a large-area cryogenic SiPM-based photon counter, and details its design, testing, and integration into the DarkSide-20k experiment.

Findings

Successful development of a 20x20 cm² cryogenic SiPM photon counter.

Production and testing of over 600 PDUs for DarkSide-20k.

Implementation of custom electronics for cryogenic operation.

Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have gained significant traction as an alternative technology to the well-established photomultiplier tube (PMT), with numerous high-sensitivity experiments adopting them either complementarily or as a replacement for PMTs. SiPMs are an ideal match for low-background cryogenic applications, such as massive noble liquid experiments for dark matter direct detection, due to (i) the significant reduction of dark noise in cold environments, (ii) relatively low radioactive content, and (iii) scalable industrial production. For these reasons, the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration has committed to this technology for DarkSide-20k, its next experiment for the direct search of WIMP Dark Matter, currently in construction at LNGS Hall C. The development of a large-area cryogenic SiPM-based photon counter has culminated in the Photon Detector Unit (PDU), a compact photosensor measuring $20\times20$ cm$^2$ with $100$ cm$^2$ active surface per channel, based on SiPM technology from Fondazione Bruno Kessler and incorporating custom front-end electronics suited for cryogenics. More than 600 PDUs are being produced and tested in various collaboration facilities to construct the two $~10.5$ m$^2$ optical planes of the massive two-phase argon time projection chamber of DarkSide-20k and the optical readout of its veto system.