Extinction and Metastability of Pheromone-Roads in Stochastic Models for Foraging Walks of Ants

TL;DR

This paper models how pheromone-based ant foraging paths undergo phase transitions, showing that extinction of pheromone roads involves metastability and does not follow traditional universality classes, highlighting complex dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a discrete-time lattice model capturing the extinction and metastability of pheromone roads, revealing novel critical phenomena beyond standard percolation theory.

Findings

Pheromone-road extinction exhibits phase transition behavior.

Extinction transitions do not belong to the directed percolation universality class.

Metastability leads to long-lived coexistence and delayed replacement of pheromone roads.

Abstract

Macroscopic changes of group behavior of eusocial insects are studied from the viewpoint of non-equilibrium phase transitions. Recent combined study of experiments and mathematical modeling by the group led by the third author suggests that a species of garden ant switches the individual foraging walk from pheromone-mediated to visual-cues-mediated depending on situation. If an initial pheromone-road between the nest and food sources is a detour, ants using visual cues can pioneer shorter paths. These shorter paths are reinforced by pheromone secreted by following ants, and then the detour ceases to exist. Once the old pheromone-road extincts, there will be almost no chance to reconstruct it. Hence the extinction of pheromone-road is expected to be regarded as a phase transition to an absorbing state. We propose a discrete-time model on a square lattice consisting of switching random walks interacting though time-dependent pheromone field. The numerical study shows that the critical phenomena of the present extinction transitions of pheromone-roads do not seem to belong to the directed percolation universality class associated with the usual absorbing-state transition. The new aspects are cased by the coexistence and competition with newly creating pheromone-roads. In a regime in the extinction phase, the annihilating road shows metastability and takes long time-period to be replaced by a new road.