$^{18}$F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent/delayed disorders?

TL;DR

This study investigates brain hypometabolism using $^{18}$F-FDG PET in post-SARS-CoV-2 patients, suggesting neurotropism and potential biomarkers for delayed neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

Contribution

It provides preliminary evidence of specific brain hypometabolism patterns post-COVID-19, supporting the hypothesis of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and proposing PET hypometabolism as a potential biomarker.

Findings

Hypometabolism in olfactory/rectus gyrus linked to anosmia

Additional hypometabolism in limbic and brainstem regions

Supports SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism hypothesis

Abstract

Purpose: Several brain complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported. It has been moreover speculated that this neurotropism could potentially cause a delayed outbreak of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases of neuroinflammatory origin. A propagation mechanism has been proposed across the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, from the nose to the olfactory epithelium, and possibly afterward to other limbic structures, and deeper parts of the brain including the brainstem. Methods: Review of clinical examination, and whole-brain voxel-based analysis of $^{18}$F-FDG PET metabolism in comparison with healthy subjects (p voxel<0.001, p-cluster<0.05, uncorrected), of two patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 explored at the post-viral stage of the disease. Results: Hypometabolism of the olfactory/rectus gyrus was found on the two patients, especially one with 4-week prolonged anosmia. Additional hypometabolisms were found within amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, cingulate cortex, pre-/post-central gyrus, thalamus/hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons, and medulla in the other patient who complained of delayed onset of a painful syndrome. Conclusion: These preliminary findings reinforce the hypotheses of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism through the olfactory bulb and the possible extension of this impairment to other brain structures. $^{18}$F-FDG PET hypometabolism could constitute a cerebral quantitative biomarker of this involvement. Post-viral cohort studies are required to specify the exact relationship between such hypometabolisms and the possible persistent disorders, especially involving cognitive or emotion disturbances, residual respiratory symptoms, or painful complaints.