An entropy based comparative study of regional and seasonal distributions of particulate matter in Indian cities

TL;DR

This study analyzes six years of PM2.5 data across eleven Indian cities, revealing universal exponential decay in pollution distribution tails and using entropy measures to classify cities by pollution randomness, aiding air quality management.

Contribution

It introduces an entropy-based framework combining Shannon entropy and Jensen-Shannon divergence to classify cities by pollution distribution characteristics across seasons.

Findings

Universal exponential decay in PM2.5 distribution tails across cities and seasons.

Regional and seasonal disparities in decay rates of pollution distributions.

Cities with similar winter distributions form identifiable groups.

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM), especially $\text{PM}_{2.5}$, is a critical air pollutant posing significant risks to human health and the environment in India. This study, using six years (2018-2024) of daily $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ data, investigates the seasonal characteristics of the distributions of $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ concentrations across eleven Indian cities, selected from different regions of the country. We find that, while each city has its own unique seasonal patterns, all of them show a universal exponential decay in the tail of the $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ distribution for all the seasons. However, the decay rates of this tail vary across cities, highlighting regional and seasonal disparities in pollution levels. To quantitatively characterize the {\it randomness} of the seasonal $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ concentration distributions, we compute Shannon entropy, a key information theoretic measure. This allows for classifying cities into different groups, according to the level of randomness observed in their seasonal distributions. To further explore the inter-city relationships, we employ Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD), a symmetric measure of relative entropy, to quantitatively assess the degree of similarity in the $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ distributions among different cities. Remarkably, we find that several cities show very similar distributions in the winter months, which helps us to categories them into several groups. The groups obtained from these entropy based measures, namely, individual Shannon entropy and the JSD estimate, are consistent with each other, providing a robust framework for efficient air quality management and policy-making in India.