Filling a gap in materials mechanics: Nanoindentation at high constant strain rates upto $10^5 s^{-1}$

TL;DR

This study introduces a novel nanomechanical testing method capable of measuring material hardness at extremely high strain rates up to 10^5 s^-1, revealing a universal hardness upturn driven mainly by dislocation density increases.

Contribution

A new piezoelectric in situ nanomechanical setup was developed to measure hardness at high strain rates, enabling the first comprehensive analysis across a wide strain rate range.

Findings

Hardness upturn observed in all tested materials at high strain rates.

Dislocation density increase is the main driver of hardness upturn.

Phonon drag plays a minimal role in the hardness increase.

Abstract

A central focus in high strain rate research is understanding the dynamic behavior of materials at strain rates where a strength upturn is observed. While strength upturns at strain rates of $10^3$ to $10^4~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ have been widely reported in the literature, their occurrence in certain materials remains controversial, and the underlying physics driving this phenomenon is not yet fully understood. Current mechanical testing methods are limited, as no single technique spans the full strain rate range of $10^1$ to $10^5~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ where this phenomenon is expected, and a unified technique would enable consistent post-deformation characterization with minimal error. To address this, we developed a customized piezoelectric in situ nanomechanical test setup, enabling constant indentation strain rates up to $10^5~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ for the first time. Using this system, we examined rate-dependent hardness in single-crystalline molybdenum, nanocrystalline nickel, and amorphous fused silica over strain rates from $10^1$ to $10^5~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, remarkably revealing a hardness upturn in all three materials. Further, post-deformation analysis of single-crystalline molybdenum revealed that the hardness upturn was primarily driven by increased dislocation density, with phonon drag -- traditionally considered a dominant contributor -- playing a minimal role.