Observation of a $Pbca$ phase and robust metallicity in $\rm{RuO_2}$ under pressure

TL;DR

This study reveals a new $Pbca$ phase in $ m{RuO_2}$ under high pressure, demonstrating its persistent metallicity up to 120 GPa and clarifying the phase transition sequence through advanced diffraction and transport measurements.

Contribution

It uncovers the emergence of the $Pbca$ phase in $ m{RuO_2}$ under pressure and details its phase transition pathway, challenging previous assumptions of the $Paar{3}$ phase.

Findings

$Pbca$ phase appears immediately after rutile-$ m{CaCl_2}$ transition.

Metallic conductivity persists up to 120 GPa.

Phase transition sequence: rutile → $ m{CaCl_2}$ → $Pbca$.

Abstract

$\rm{RuO_2}$ stands as a quintessential rutile-type compound under ambient conditions, with its structural exploration under pressure bearing significant implications for both phase transition investigations and Earth science. Nonetheless, the precise phase transition sequence remains a debate. In this study, we disclose the emergence of the $Pbca$ phase alongside the enduring metallic character of $\rm{RuO_2}$ under megabar pressure. Employing state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray diffraction, our observations delineate a phase transition trajectory progressing through rutile, $\rm{CaCl_2}$, and ultimately $Pbca$ phases. Notably, the $Pbca$ phase manifests immediately just after the rutile-$\rm{CaCl_2}$ transition, confining a narrow pressure regime for the pure $\rm{CaCl_2}$-type phase. Within the pressure range of 15.5 to 35.0 GPa, a coexistence of the $\rm{CaCl_2}$-type and $Pbca$ phases is observed, transforming to a sole presence of the $Pbca$ phase beyond 35.0 GPa. Electrical transport measurements conducted on both single crystal and powder samples confirm the enduring metallic conductivity of $\rm{RuO_2}$, persisting up to at least $\sim$120 GPa, albeit exhibiting a diminished conductivity at ultrahigh pressures due to a reduction in electronic density of states at the Fermi level. This study furnishes compelling evidence for the presence of the $Pbca$ phase across a broad pressure range, diverging from the previously widely acknowledged $Pa\bar{3}$ phase, thereby offering crucial insights into phase transition phenomena in other metal dioxides and advancing our comprehension of electronic behaviors within 4d and 5d electron systems.