Semi-classical modelling of second-order spontaneous down-conversion measured over 10 decades of pump intensity in a type II phase-matched KTP crystal

TL;DR

This paper investigates second-order spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a KTP crystal across a vast pump intensity range, developing a semi-classical model that accurately describes the process in different regimes.

Contribution

The authors introduce a semi-classical model that effectively captures SPDC behavior over ten decades of pump intensity, outperforming traditional quantum models at high intensities.

Findings

Identified two SPDC regimes: linear flux increase below 30 MW/cm² and exponential above.

Achieved flux from 10^4 Hz to 10^21 Hz across the intensity range.

Model provides better agreement with experimental data than quantum models at high pump intensities.

Abstract

We performed a second-order spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) experiment in a Type II phase-matched KTiOPO4 crystal pumped at 532 nm giving birth to a signal beam at 1037 nm and an idler one at 1092 nm along the x-axis of the crystal. Three pump sources have been used: in the continuous-wave, nanosecond (200 ns, 1 kHz) and picosecond (15 ps, 10 Hz) regimes. That allowed us to cover a pump intensity range from 2.4 W.cm-2 to 3.7 GW.cm-2 which led to the generation of twin photons with a flux from 1.1x104 Hz to 1.2x1021 Hz, respectively, the corresponding quantum efficiencies being of 1.8x10-11 and 9.2x10-4. We identified two SPDC regimes regarding the pump intensity: one below 30 MW.cm-2 for which the flux increases linearly, and the other one above 30 MW.cm-2 for which the flux behaves exponentially. We proposed a semi-classical model under the undepleted pump approximation based on both the quantum fluctuations of vacuum for the seeding of the process and a propagation step ensured by classical fields, which allowed a satisfying description of these two regimes, with a much better agreement at high intensity than the quantum models based on the nonlinear momentum or the nonlinear Hamiltonian operators.