Clash of the Titans: ultra-high energy KM3NeT event versus IceCube data

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a high-energy neutrino event detected by KM3NeT, comparing it with IceCube data, and suggests it may originate from a new astrophysical source due to significant tension with existing observations.

Contribution

It provides a detailed statistical analysis of the KM3NeT event in relation to IceCube data, proposing the event likely indicates a new astrophysical neutrino source.

Findings

3.5σ tension assuming diffuse isotropic flux

3.1-3.6σ tension under cosmogenic models

2.9-2.0σ tension for point source scenarios

Abstract

KM3NeT has reported the detection of a remarkably high-energy through-going muon. Lighting up about a third of the detector, this muon likely originated from a neutrino exceeding 10 PeV in energy. The crucial question we need to answer is where this event comes from and what its source is. Intriguingly, IceCube has been operating with a much larger effective area for a considerably longer time, yet it has not reported neutrinos above 10~PeV. We quantify the tension between the KM3NeT event and the absence of similar high-energy events in IceCube. Through a detailed analysis, we determine the most likely neutrino energy to be in the range of 23 - 2400 PeV. We find a $3.5\sigma$ tension between the two experiments, assuming the neutrino is from the diffuse isotropic neutrino flux. Alternatively, assuming the event is of cosmogenic origin and considering three representative models, this tension still falls within 3.1 - 3.6$\sigma$. The least disfavored scenario is a steady or transient point source, though still leading to $2.9\sigma$ and $2.0\sigma$ tensions, respectively. The lack of observation of high-energy events in IceCube seriously challenges the explanation of this event coming from any known diffuse fluxes. Our results indicate the KM3NeT event is likely the first observation of a new astrophysical source.