Population Synthesis of Gravitational Wave Sources

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development and application of population synthesis software to model gravitational wave source populations, highlighting their formation environments, predicted rates, and future integration with electromagnetic observations.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of population synthesis tools for GW sources, emphasizing their evolution, current capabilities, and future prospects with multi-messenger data.

Findings

Different astrophysical environments produce distinct GW population features.

Predicted GW event rates vary significantly across formation scenarios.

Future electromagnetic observations could help constrain population synthesis models.

Abstract

The simulation of gravitational wave source populations and their progenitors is an endeavor more than eighty years in the making. This is in part due to a wide variety of theoretical uncertainties that must be taken into account when describing how stellar populations evolve over cosmic time to produce double stellar remnant binaries. Population synthesis software has been developed as a means to investigate these uncertainties under a wide variety of physical assumptions and stellar population formation environments. In this chapter we discuss the development history of population synthesis software with a special focus on work aimed at understanding the formation of gravitational wave populations. We detail the assortment of population synthesis tools in use today that simulate GW populations which are born and evolve in different astrophysical environments. We further discuss the GW population rates and features associated with each environment that have been predicted for both ground and space-based GW detectors. We finish with considerations of future work that combines possible constraints from electromagnetic surveys that may provide key findings that break current degeneracies in population synthesis predictions of GW source populations.