The Effect of Foreground Galaxies on the Estimation of the Hubble Constant from Type Ia Supernovae

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to evaluate how foreground galaxies influence supernova observations and the estimation of the Hubble constant, identifying minor but important systematic biases.

Contribution

It introduces a simulation-based analysis of foreground galaxy effects on supernova-based Hubble constant measurements, highlighting the importance of host misidentification biases.

Findings

Foreground galaxies can cause supernovae to be missed or misclassified.

Host misidentification bias increases with redshift.

Both effects are small but should be included in systematic error considerations.

Abstract

Type Ia supernovae are the established `standard candle' in the construction of the Hubble diagram out to high luminosity distances. Since the Hubble constant that best fits observations of these supernovae often turns out to be high compared to fits to other data, they are currently being investigated for possible systematic effects, with many studies focusing on the calibration of the distance ladder in the local Universe. Here we present a simulation-based assessment of another type of systematic effect, related to the chance that the line of sight to a distant supernova passes close to a foreground galaxy. We consider two cases separately: First, the foreground galaxy may block the line of sight so that the supernova is not observed. Since foreground galaxies are correlated with overdensities that typically magnify the flux of background sources, this effect leads to a systematic removal of lensed supernovae from the sample, biasing the high-redshift Hubble diagram towards demagnified (fainter) supernovae. Second, if the supernova can be observed, its proximity to the foreground galaxy can lead to an incorrect host assignment, especially if the true host has a low surface brightness. Since foreground galaxies are typically found at lower redshifts, this effect introduces another systematic bias. The probability of line-of-sight alignments with foreground galaxies increases with redshift and therefore affects distant supernovae more strongly. We find that both effects are small, but the effect of host misidentification should be included in the systematic error budget at current levels of measurement precision.