Neutrinos in IceCube and KM3NeT

TL;DR

IceCube and KM3NeT neutrino observatories have advanced understanding of atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos, providing evidence for neutrino sources like Seyfert galaxies and detecting ultra-high-energy events, with ongoing research and future potential.

Contribution

This paper summarizes recent discoveries and analyses from IceCube and KM3NeT, highlighting evidence for neutrino sources and new high-energy neutrino detections.

Findings

Evidence of neutrino signals from NGC 1068.

A 3.0 sigma cumulative neutrino signal from 13 sources.

Detection of a tens-of-PeV ultra-high-energy neutrino event.

Abstract

Neutrino observatories such as IceCube, Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT), and Super-Kamiokande cover a broad energy range that enables the study of both atmospheric neutrinos and astrophysical neutrinos. IceCube and KM3NeT focus on a similar energy range, from a few GeV to PeV, and have conducted competitive work on the atmospheric neutrino flux, three-flavor oscillation parameter measurements, searches beyond the Standard Model, and investigations of cosmic-ray accelerators using high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. Recent IceCube findings of evidence of neutrino signals from NGC~1068 have triggered a series of follow-up studies. These studies provide evidence that a subset of Seyfert galaxies may produce high-energy neutrinos. The emerging candidates are NGC~4151, NGC~3079, CGCG~420-015, and Circinus Galaxy. Furthermore, a stacking analysis of 13 selected sources in the Southern Hemisphere reported a cumulative neutrino signal at 3.0\,$\sigma$, offering independent evidence that some X-ray-bright Seyfert galaxies could be potential high-energy neutrino sources. KM3NeT, still under construction, continues to accumulate data that will support future studies of astrophysical neutrino sources. However, with its currently deployed detection units, it has detected an ultra-high-energy event of several tens of PeV originating from approximately 1 degree above the horizon. This contribution highlights and summarizes recent findings from IceCube and KM3NeT in both neutrino physics and astrophysics.