Impact and Mitigation of Current Saturation Algorithms in Grid-Forming Inverters on Power Swing Detection

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how current saturation algorithms in grid-forming inverters affect power swing detection, revealing unique impedance behaviors and proposing an optimal mitigation strategy validated through simulations.

Contribution

It provides a theoretical analysis of current saturation modes in GFM inverters and introduces an optimal mitigation strategy for power swing detection issues.

Findings

Impedance trajectories under CSAs differ from those in synchronous generators.

Conventional power swing detection may fail due to rapid impedance changes.

An effective mitigation strategy improves detection reliability.

Abstract

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) are capable of emulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through the careful design of the control loops. However, the current limiter in the control loops of the GFM IBR poses challenges to the effectiveness of power swing detection functions designed for SG-based systems. Among various current limiting strategies, current saturation algorithms (CSAs) are widely employed for their strict current limiting capability, and are the focus of this paper. The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the conditions for entering and exiting the current saturation mode of the GFM IBR under three CSAs. The corresponding impedance trajectories observed by the relay on the GFM IBR side are investigated. The analysis results reveal that the unique impedance trajectories under these CSAs markedly differ from those associated with SGs. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the conventional power swing detection scheme may lose functionality due to the rapid movement of the trajectory. To mitigate this issue, an optimal current saturation strategy is proposed. Conclusions are validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.