Field-induced upward bending of a magnetoelastomer cantilever residing on a horizontal plane: an unconventional cilium

TL;DR

This study investigates the unique upward bending behavior of a magnetoelastomer cantilever under a magnetic field, revealing bistability, hysteresis, and a first-order transition with unpredictable transition points, differing from conventional in-plane field responses.

Contribution

It demonstrates a novel field-induced upward bending of a magnetoelastomer cantilever with bistability and hysteresis, expanding understanding of magnetomechanical responses in soft magnetic materials.

Findings

Bistability and hysteresis observed in cantilever deformation modes.

Upward bending occurs under normal magnetic fields, contrary to typical behavior.

Transition points are unpredictable due to stable initial states.

Abstract

The mechanical response of a cantilever made of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) that is positioned on a solid plane surface and is subjected to a uniform magnetic field is studied. The MAE is of the magnetically soft type, i.e., its filler particles become magnetized only in the presence of external field. Test observations with the applied field normal to the plane reveal two possible perturbed configurations of the cantilever: either its free end just bends upward or the cantilever folds into an arc, so that its free end does not detach from the supporting plane. The tests evidence that under cyclic variation of the field both deformation modes exhibit quite a wide bistability region, i.e., a magnetomechanical hysteresis takes place. Theoretical analysis shows that the cantilever bending scenario is indeed similar to that of the first-order transition. However, unlike the customary case, hereby the initial state never ceases to exist and remains stable against infinitesimal perturbations under arbitrary strong fields. Although this conclusion is valid only for an ideal situation, its nontrivial consequence is that the field value under which the transition to the bent state occurs is, in fact, unpredictable. The discovered effect is essentially different from the previously investigated behaviour of MAE cantilevers under an in-plane field; there the transition is of the second-order kind and is completely reversible. Finally, if to consider a horizontal MAE cantilever as an element of an assembly of magnetic cilia, it turns out that it behaves in the way opposite to that of conventional systems where in the initial state the MAE cilia stand normally to the supporting surface.