A closer look at LTT 9779b: The ESPRESSO endeavour to pierce the atmospheric veil

TL;DR

This study uses ESPRESSO data to analyze the atmosphere of exoplanet LTT 9779b, finding no significant spectral features and suggesting a high-metallicity, cloud-covered atmosphere consistent with JWST observations.

Contribution

First detailed ESPRESSO transmission spectrum of LTT 9779b revealing a high-metallicity, cloud-influenced atmosphere with minimal atmospheric escape.

Findings

No significant sodium or H-alpha signals detected.

Metallicity limits set at [Fe/H] ≥ 2.25, indicating a highly metal-rich atmosphere.

Results support a high mean molecular weight atmosphere with aerosols obscuring spectral features.

Abstract

The proliferation of exoplanet discoveries in exotic environments like the Neptune desert challenges our understanding of planetary atmospheres under intense irradiation. The unexpected discovery of LTT9779 b, an ultra-hot Neptune within this desert, offers a prime opportunity for atmospheric studies. We build on prior observations of LTT9779 b from TESS, Spitzer, and CHEOPS, incorporating new VLT/ESPRESSO data to probe its atmospheric dynamics. Preliminary analyses suggest a metal-rich atmosphere and a high day-side geometric albedo, possibly indicating silicate clouds. Minimal atmospheric escape is observed, contrasting existing models of planetary evolution under extreme irradiation. We obtained the transmission spectrum of LTT9779 b between 0.4 and 0.78 microns with ESPRESSO, addressing systematics across three transits. Our analysis focused on the sodium doublet and H-alpha, using cross-correlation with models containing Na, K, FeH, TiO, and VO. No significant atmospheric signal was detected, with metallicity limits set at [Fe/H] $\geq$ 2.25 ($\geq$ 180 times solar). The non-detection aligns with a high-metallicity, cloud-free model, implying a high mean molecular weight and reduced atmospheric scale height. We interpret this as evidence for a metal-rich atmosphere with suppressed spectral features, possibly due to high-altitude clouds or hazes. These findings are consistent with JWST observations, supporting the hypothesis of metal-rich atmospheres obscured by aerosols in extreme environments.