The First SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. Characterization of clusters of galaxies misclassified in the eRASS1 point source catalog

TL;DR

This paper identifies and characterizes galaxy clusters misclassified as point sources in the eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey, providing a catalog with optical and X-ray properties and classifications to improve cluster detection accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a method to find misclassified galaxy clusters in the eROSITA point source catalog and provides a comprehensive catalog with classifications and properties.

Findings

Identified 8347 galaxy clusters, including 5819 new detections.

Achieved a 70% discovery rate of galaxy clusters in the survey.

Provided a catalog with optical and X-ray properties and classifications.

Abstract

The detection of the extended X-ray-emission of the intracluster medium by the first SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS1), combined with optical and near-infrared follow-up, resulted in the identification of more than 12000 galaxy clusters, yielding precise constraints on cosmological parameters. However, some clusters of galaxies can be misclassified as point sources by eROSITA's source detection algorithm due to the interplay between the point-spread function, the shallow depth of the survey, compact (cool core) X-ray emission, and bright active galactic nuclei hosted in their centers or their vicinity. To identify such misclassified galaxy clusters and groups, we apply optical follow-up to the eRASS1 X-ray point sources analogously to the treatment of the extent-selected catalog. After rigorous filtering to ensure purity, we find a total of 8347 clusters of galaxies, of which 5819 are novel detections, in a redshift range $0.05 < z \lesssim 1.1$. This corresponds to a 70 % discovery rate, a fraction similar to that of the extent-selected sample. To facilitate finding new exceptional clusters such as the Phoenix cluster (which is recovered in our sample), we divide the clusters into five classes based on the optical properties of likely single-source counterparts to the X-ray emission. We further investigate potential biases in our selection process by analyzing the optical and X-ray data. With this work, we provide a catalog of galaxy clusters and groups in the eRASS1 point source catalog, including their optical and X-ray properties along with a meaningful classification.