The fluid dynamics of liquid mushrooms

TL;DR

This study investigates the hydrodynamics of liquid mushroom formations resulting from droplet impacts on a liquid surface, analyzing how impact conditions influence lamellar pattern formation and proposing a theoretical model for maximum spread prediction.

Contribution

First experimental analysis of liquid mushroom dynamics, examining impact height, surface tension, viscosity, and impact orientation, with a new energetic model for lamella spread prediction.

Findings

Impact height and surface tension significantly affect lamella formation.

Theoretical model accurately predicts maximum lamella spread.

Impact orientation influences the resulting lamellar structures.

Abstract

Droplets that impact the surface of a deep liquid pool may form a vertical jet after the cavity formation event, provided they have sufficient impact energy. Depending on the associated time scales and the effect of the Rayleigh Plateau instability, this jet may either continue to rise, or may form satellite droplets via necking. Collision of these structures with a second incoming droplet, ejected from the same dispensing tip as the first droplet, may result in the formation of various lamellar patterns, depending on the impact conditions, giving rise to liquid mushroom and or umbrella structures. In this research, we experiment for the first time with hydrodynamics of such liquid mushrooms, and study the effect of droplet impact height, surface tension, and viscosity on the dynamics of such lamellar formations. We further explore the role of the orientation of incoming droplet impact, ie whether head on or offset collision with the rising jet or satellite droplet. We discuss the spatiotemporal evolution of the lamella diameters, and its susceptibility to surface tension, viscosity, and droplet impact height. We put forward a theoretical model based on energetics, to predict the maximum spread diameter of the lamellae, which yields accurate predictions with respect to our experiments. Our findings may help to provide important insights towards a fluid dynamic phenomenon observed often in nature and may be important in niche utilities as well.