Supernovae Ia, high-redshift probes, and the Hubble tension: current status and future perspectives

TL;DR

This paper reviews the current status of the Hubble tension, highlighting the role of Supernovae Ia and high-redshift probes like GRBs and QSOs in understanding potential evolutionary effects of the Hubble constant.

Contribution

It provides a summary of recent analyses showing a possible evolution of H0 with redshift and discusses the impact of high-redshift probes on cosmological constraints.

Findings

H0 shows a decreasing trend with redshift in SNe Ia data

High-redshift probes extend the Hubble diagram to test cosmological models

The analysis suggests potential evolution of H0 over cosmic time

Abstract

The Hubble constant ($H_0$) tension is one of the biggest challenges in modern cosmology. This consists of the discrepancy, at around $5\sigma$, between the local value of $H_0$ measured through Supernovae Ia (SNe Ia) constrained with the Cepheids and the value inferred from the observations of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by Planck data. According to the most appealing cosmological models, such as the flat $\Lambda$CDM, the $H_0$ should not vary according to the measurement method or the redshift $z$ of the probe used for estimating it. Thus, many ideas have been proposed in the literature to face this tension. In the current work, we summarize the results obtained with the binned analysis of SNe Ia, showing a decreasing trend for $H_0$ with $z$ with an evolutionary coefficient $\eta \sim 0.01$, and we further discuss the impact of high-$z$ probes such as Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) and quasars (QSOs) that allow reaching constraints on the cosmological parameters that will extend the Hubble diagram to high-$z$ values.