Excitations of gauge bosons, and other aspects of gauge Higgs theories

TL;DR

This paper reviews the differences between Higgs and confinement phases in gauge Higgs theories, introduces a non-local order parameter to distinguish them, and suggests new insights into the excitation spectrum of electroweak vector bosons.

Contribution

It introduces a non-local order parameter for phase distinction and proposes new results on the excitation spectrum of electroweak vector bosons.

Findings

Non-local order parameter effectively distinguishes phases

Possible excitation spectrum of electroweak vector bosons proposed

Insights into gauge Higgs theory phase structure

Abstract

I review the qualitative physical distinction between the Higgs and confinement phases of a gauge Higgs theory, and the non-local order parameter introduced by Matsuyama and myself which identifies the two phases. I then present some new results suggestive of a possible excitation spectrum of vector bosons in the electroweak sector of the Standard Model.