Communicating at a record 14.5 bits per received photon through a photon-starved channel

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a record optical communication system achieving 14.5 bits per photon at extremely low energy levels, enabling long-distance space communication with high efficiency.

Contribution

The authors experimentally achieved the highest photon information efficiency at optical frequencies, surpassing previous systems and demonstrating capabilities at 87.5 dB attenuation.

Findings

Achieved 14.5 bits per photon efficiency after 87.5 dB attenuation.

Demonstrated the lowest energy per bit at optical frequencies.

Set a new record for photon information efficiency in optical detection.

Abstract

Exploration of the Universe requires communication with Earth, either on a direct path or through a cascade of proximate celestial bodies. Microwaves have traditionally been used for space communication, but electromagnetic waves of higher frequencies, such as in the optical domain, will enable probing farther in space due to their considerably lower diffraction loss. At a given data rate, the ultimate limit to point-to-point optical communication is determined by the received signal power and the photon information efficiency. The latter measures the number of information bits extracted per photon incident on a detector. As distances across space and, consequently, path loss increases, the system that can achieve the highest photon information efficiency will determine the longest distance at which communication is possible. We report here an experimental demonstration of optical detection at a record photon information efficiency of 14.5 bits per incident photon, or 17.8 bits per detected photon, after 87.5 dB of attenuation. Expressed in terms of energy per bit, this corresponds to 8.84 zeptojoules per bit, or 0.069 photons per bit at 1550 nm. To our knowledge, this is the highest photon information efficiency or lowest energy per bit detection system ever demonstrated at optical frequencies. Such a sensitive detection system holds promise for a wide range of applications.