Word-representability of co-bipartite graph

TL;DR

This paper investigates the conditions under which co-bipartite graphs are word-representable, identifies classes of graphs with preserved word-representability under complement, and characterizes semi-transitive orientations for these graphs.

Contribution

It characterizes when co-bipartite graphs are word-representable, especially for fixed clique sizes, and provides conditions for semi-transitive orientations in these graphs.

Findings

Complement of path, even cycle, and generalized crown graphs are word-representable.

All co-bipartite graphs with a clique size of 2 are word-representable.

Certain co-bipartite graphs with a clique size of 3 are word-representable.

Abstract

A graph $G = (V, E)$ is word-representable, if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that for letters $\{x,y\}\in V$, $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. A graph is co-bipartite if its complement is a bipartite graph. Therefore, the vertex set of a co-bipartite graph can be partitioned into two disjoint cliques. The concept of word-representability for co-bipartite graphs has not yet been fully studied. In the book Words and Graphs written by Sergey Kitaev and Vadim Lozin, examples of co-bipartite graphs that are not word-representable are provided. The authors have stated that it remains an open problem to characterize word-representable co-bipartite graphs. It is known that taking the complement of word-representable graphs does not preserve their word-representability. In this paper, we first identify certain classes of bipartite graphs for which word-representation is preserved after the complement operation. We found that the complement of the path graphs, even cycle graphs and generalized crown graphs are also word-representable. Next, we aim to find word-representable co-bipartite graphs in which the size of one clique partition is fixed while the other one can vary. We studied the word-representability of co-bipartite graphs where the sizes of one clique partition are $2$ and $3$. We found that any co-bipartite graphs where the size of the one clique partition is $2$ are word-representable. Also, when the size of the one clique partition is $3$, we found certain co-bipartite graphs are word-representable. Additionally, for word-representable graphs, it has been established that a graph is word-representable if and only if it can be oriented in a specific manner, known as semi-transitive orientation. We provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for a co-bipartite graph to have a semi-transitive orientation.