Teaching Wav2Vec2 the Language of the Brain

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that pre-trained speech recognition models like Wav2Vec2 can be adapted to decode spoken language from brain activity, significantly improving accuracy over training from scratch or freezing the model.

Contribution

It introduces a transfer learning approach that leverages Wav2Vec2's pre-trained weights for brain data decoding, showing improved performance in speech-to-brain decoding tasks.

Findings

Full fine-tuning with pre-trained weights achieves CER of 18.54%.

Transfer learning from speech recognition models enhances brain decoding accuracy.

Pre-trained models outperform training from scratch or freezing the model.

Abstract

The decoding of continuously spoken speech from neuronal activity has the potential to become an important clinical solution for paralyzed patients. Deep Learning Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have recently successfully mapped neuronal activity to text contents in subjects who attempted to formulate speech. However, only small BCI datasets are available. In contrast, labeled data and pre-trained models for the closely related task of speech recognition from audio are widely available. One such model is Wav2Vec2 which has been trained in a self-supervised fashion to create meaningful representations of speech audio data. In this study, we show that patterns learned by Wav2Vec2 are transferable to brain data. Specifically, we replace its audio feature extractor with an untrained Brain Feature Extractor (BFE) model. We then execute full fine-tuning with pre-trained weights for Wav2Vec2, training ''from scratch'' without pre-trained weights as well as freezing a pre-trained Wav2Vec2 and training only the BFE each for 45 different BFE architectures. Across these experiments, the best run is from full fine-tuning with pre-trained weights, achieving a Character Error Rate (CER) of 18.54\%, outperforming the best training from scratch run by 20.46\% and that of frozen Wav2Vec2 training by 15.92\% percentage points. These results indicate that knowledge transfer from audio speech recognition to brain decoding is possible and significantly improves brain decoding performance for the same architectures. Related source code is available at https://github.com/tfiedlerdev/Wav2Vec2ForBrain.