New Constraints on Axion Mediated Dipole-Dipole Interactions

TL;DR

This paper reports new experimental constraints on axion-mediated spin interactions using advanced shielding and a comagnetometer, significantly improving limits within the axion window and opening avenues for fundamental physics and applications.

Contribution

It introduces a novel experimental setup with enhanced magnetic suppression, setting unprecedented limits on axion couplings to electrons, neutrons, and protons.

Findings

Achieved magnetic field suppression up to 10^11 times.

Surpassed previous limits on electron-neutron coupling by over 10,000 times.

Established the strongest constraints on electron-proton coupling.

Abstract

The search for axions sits at the intersection of solving critical problems in fundamental physics, including the strong CP problem in QCD, uncovering the nature of dark matter, and understanding the origin of the universe's matter-antimatter asymmetry. The measurement of axion-mediated spin-dependent interactions offers a powerful approach for axion detection. However, it has long been restricted to regions outside the 'axion window' due to a significant trade-off: the need to effectively suppress the magnetic leakage from highly polarized spin sources while simultaneously detecting sub-femtotesla level exotic physics signals at sub-decimeter-scale distances. In this work, we report new experimental results on axion-mediated exotic spin-spin interactions using an iron-shielded SmCo$_5$ spin source in combination with a specially designed self-compensation comagnetometer. Employing a composite shielding structure, we achieved a suppression of the magnetic field by up to $10^{11}$. This enabled us to establish new constraints on the coupling between electrons and neutrons, surpassing previous experimental limits by more than 10000 times within the axion window. Furthermore, we also set strongest constraints on the coupling between electrons and protons. The proposed method holds substantial potential not only for advancing the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model but also for enabling transformative applications in biological and chemical research.