Decoding Musical Evolution Through Network Science

TL;DR

This study applies Network Science to analyze approximately 20,000 MIDI files across six genres over four centuries, revealing trends in musical complexity and evolution influenced by digital technology.

Contribution

It introduces a novel network-based approach to quantify and compare the structural complexity of musical compositions across genres and time periods.

Findings

Classical and Jazz have higher complexity than modern genres.

A trend toward simplification over time is observed across genres.

Digital platforms contribute to genre homogenization and reduced complexity.

Abstract

Music has always been central to human culture, reflecting and shaping traditions, emotions, and societal changes. Technological advancements have transformed how music is created and consumed, influencing tastes and the music itself. In this study, we use Network Science to analyze musical complexity. Drawing on $\approx20,000$ MIDI files across six macro-genres spanning nearly four centuries, we represent each composition as a weighted directed network to study its structural properties. Our results show that Classical and Jazz compositions have higher complexity and melodic diversity than recently developed genres. However, a temporal analysis reveals a trend toward simplification, with even Classical and Jazz nearing the complexity levels of modern genres. This study highlights how digital tools and streaming platforms shape musical evolution, fostering new genres while driving homogenization and simplicity.