Direct Monte Carlo Computation of the 't~Hooft Partition Function

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Monte Carlo method to compute the 't~Hooft partition function in $SU(N)$ gauge theories, revealing phase characteristics and monopole/dyon condensates through numerical simulations.

Contribution

It develops a hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for directly computing the 't~Hooft partition function in $SU(N)/Z_N$ gauge theories, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying confinement phases.

Findings

Non-electric fluxes are light in the confining phase.

Numerical results support oblique confinement at $ heta=2 extpi$.

Method confirms monopole and dyon condensates presence.

Abstract

The 't~Hooft partition function~$\mathcal{Z}_{\text{tH}}[E;B]$ of an $SU(N)$ gauge theory with the $\mathbb{Z}_N$ 1-form symmetry is defined as the Fourier transform of the partition function~$\mathcal{Z}[B]$ with respect to the spatial-temporal components of the 't~Hooft flux~$B$. Its large volume behavior detects the quantum phase of the system. When the integrand of the functional integral is real-positive, the latter partition function~$\mathcal{Z}[B]$ can be numerically computed by a Monte Carlo simulation of the $SU(N)/\mathbb{Z}_N$ gauge theory, just by counting the number of configurations of a specific 't~Hooft flux~$B$. We carry out this program for the $SU(2)$ pure Yang--Mills theory with the vanishing $\theta$-angle by employing a newly-developed hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm (the halfway HMC) for the $SU(N)/\mathbb{Z}_N$ gauge theory. The numerical result clearly shows that all non-electric fluxes are ``light'' as expected in the ordinary confining phase with the monopole condensate. Invoking the Witten effect on~$\mathcal{Z}_{\text{tH}}[E;B]$, this also indicates the oblique confinement at~$\theta=2\pi$ with the dyon condensate.