Interferometric optical mass measurement in the low-reference regime

TL;DR

This paper explores extending the reference attenuation in interferometric optical mass measurement to improve SNR, enabling detection of smaller masses below 40 kDa through theoretical modeling and refractive index tuning.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical model analyzing low-reference regimes in interferometric mass measurement, proposing methods to enhance SNR for smaller mass detection.

Findings

Significant SNR improvement when reference matches scattered field magnitude

Refractive index tuning can facilitate low-reference attenuation in practice

Potential to detect masses smaller than 40 kDa

Abstract

The precise optical, label-free, measurement of mass at the nanoscale has been significantly advanced by techniques based on interferometric scattering, such as mass photometry (MP). These methods exploit the interference between a scattered and reference field to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for weakly scattering objects (e.g. proteins) and are currently limited to masses bigger than 40 kDa. Standard MP employs a mask that attenuates the reference field, allowing for the increase in illumination power without saturation of the detector. In this theoretical study, we examine how the SNR evolves when extending reference attenuation beyond conventional levels: entering the low-reference regime. Our simplified model finds that a substantial SNR enhancement can be achieved when the magnitude of reference matches that of the scattered field and investigate refractive index tuning as a potential method to reach the required attenuation in practice. The accomplishable SNR improvement can be tailored to a given mass region, i.e. allowing the detection of masses smaller than 40 kDa.