Sensing the vibration of non-reflective surfaces with 10-dB-squeezed-light enhancement

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates quantum-enhanced measurement of surface vibrations in air using squeezed light, achieving higher sensitivity with less power, enabling new sensing applications for highly absorbing or inaccessible surfaces.

Contribution

It introduces a method for quantum-enhanced vibrational sensing of non-reflective surfaces in air using squeezed light, surpassing classical sensitivity limits at lower power levels.

Findings

Achieved detection of ultrasonic pressure waves as low as 0.12 mPa/Hz.

Demonstrated tenfold sensitivity improvement over classical light at equal power.

Enabled millimeter spatial resolution and 1 kHz bandwidth in air vibration measurements.

Abstract

Laser light with squeezed quantum uncertainty is a powerful tool for interferometric sensing. A routine application can be found in gravitational wave observatories. A significant quantum advantage is only achievable if a large fraction of the photons are actually measured. For this reason, quantum-enhanced vibrational measurements of strongly absorbing or scattering surfaces have not been considered so far. Here we demonstrate the strongly quantum-enhanced measurement of the frequency characteristics of surface vibrations in air by measuring the air pressure wave instead. Our squeezed laser beam, which simply passes the vibrating surface, delivers a sensitivity that an ultra-stable conventional light beam in the same configuration can only achieve with ten times the power. The pressure amplitude of a ultrasonic wave of just 0.12 mPa/ Hz was clearly visible with a spatial resolution in the millimetre range and a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth. We envision applications in sensor technology where distant, highly absorbing or optically inaccessible surface vibrations in air are to be measured with limited, e.g. eye-safe, light powers.