Super-fast bullet bubbles transported in a pressure-driven cylindrical flow

TL;DR

This paper investigates the conditions under which deformable bubbles in pressure-driven cylindrical flows can achieve super-fast velocities exceeding the flow speed, highlighting the roles of deformability, inertia, and breakup thresholds.

Contribution

It identifies the critical capillary number range where bubbles become super-fast and maps the phase diagram relating bubble size, deformability, and flow parameters.

Findings

Super-fast bubble velocities occur at high capillary numbers.

Inertia reduces bubble velocity at high Reynolds numbers.

Deformability and breakup thresholds define the super-fast regime.

Abstract

When transported by a pressure driven flow in a cylindrical pipe, bubbles may exhibit very fast velocities. In this paper, we show that, when the bubbles are largely deformable, that is, at large capillary numbers Ca, the velocity of the bubble can be larger than the maximal velocity of the flow that transports them. We call this regime "super-fast". However, the situation changes when inertia comes at play for increasing Reynolds numbers Re, and the relative velocity of the bubble drops for sufficiently large Laplace number, defined as La = Re/Ca. In this article, we uncover the conditions for which the super-fast regime exists : the deformability of the drop is crucial, and hence the capillary number needs to be larger than a critical value, yet smaller than a threshold above which the bubble breaks up. The two limiting capillary numbers are presented in a phase diagram as a function of the bubble size and the Laplace number.