$q$-analogues of sums of consecutive powers of natural numbers and extended Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials

TL;DR

This paper introduces extended Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials, providing explicit series representations and connections to $q$-Stirling numbers, enriching the theory of $q$-analogues of classical sums.

Contribution

It extends Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials using a new $q$-polynomial sequence framework, linking them explicitly to $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind.

Findings

Explicit series representations for extended Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers.

A new formula connecting Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers with $q$-Stirling numbers.

Extension of classical results through $q$-analogues and polynomial sequences.

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a specific class of $q$-polynomial sequences that serve as a $q$-analogue of the classical Appell sequences. This framework offers an elegant approach to revisiting classical results by Carlitz and, more interestingly, to establishing an important extension of the Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli polynomials and numbers. In addition, we establish explicit series representations for our extended Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers and express them in terms of $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind. This leads to a novel formula that explicitly connects the Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers with the $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind.