Re-programmable self-assembly of magnetic lattices

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the re-programmable self-assembly of magnetic particles into various stable patterns, enabling dynamic control of metamaterials and sound wave propagation.

Contribution

It introduces a method to reprogram magnetic self-assembly into different phases using magnetic boundaries, expanding tunable metamaterials.

Findings

Reversible transition between crystalline, quasi-crystalline, and disordered patterns.

Magnetic boundaries enable dynamic reprogramming without altering particle count.

Control of sound wave propagation in nonlinear, undamped media.

Abstract

Simple local interactions can cause primitive building blocks to self-assemble into complex and functional patterns. However, even for a small number of blocks, there exist a vast number of possible configurations that are plausible, stable, and with varying degree of order. The ability to dynamically shift between multi-stable patterns (i.e., reprogram the self-assembly) entails navigating an intractable search space, which remains a challenge. In this paper, we engineer the self-assembly of macroscopic magnetic particles to create metamaterials with dynamically reversible emergent phases. We utilize a boundary composed of magnetic hinges to confine free-floating magnetic disks into different stable assemblies. We exploit the non-destructive nature of the magnetic boundaries to create re-programmable two-dimensional metamaterials that morphs from crystalline to quasi-crystalline to disordered assembly using the same number of disks and boundary. Furthermore, we explore their utility to control the propagation of sound waves in an effectively undamped media with rich nonlinearities. Our findings can expand the metamaterials horizon into functional and tunable devices.