Soliton foam formation in the early Universe

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation and evolution of composite soliton structures, called soliton foam, in the early Universe using numerical simulations based on quantum fluctuation initial conditions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel simulation approach for soliton formation in the early Universe without thermal phase transitions, revealing complex soliton foam structures.

Findings

Formation of soliton foam structures including domain walls and cosmic strings

Soliton clusters can form from quantum fluctuations without thermal processes

Implications for early Universe cosmology discussed

Abstract

The formation of composite solitons produced by scalar fields without thermal phase transitions in the early Universe is considered. We present numerical simulations of the formation and evolution of soliton structures at the post-inflationary stage. The realistic initial conditions are obtained through the simulation of multiple quantum fluctuations during the inflation epoch. The initial field distributions allow to form local soliton clusters in the early Universe without the need for the thermal production of a soliton network throughout the Universe. We find that in three-dimensional space, the nontrivial composite field structures are formed in the form of <<soliton foam>>, consisting of closed domain walls, domain walls bounded by cosmic strings, and scalar field radiation. The possible cosmological implications of the soliton foam are discussed.