Hydrogenation of acetaldehyde on interstellar ice analogs reveals limited destruction

TL;DR

This study combines quantum chemical calculations and experiments to investigate the hydrogenation pathways of acetaldehyde on interstellar ice analogs, revealing its resistance to destruction and implications for astrochemical models.

Contribution

It provides detailed reaction rate constants, experimental validation, and insights into the limited destruction pathways of acetaldehyde in interstellar conditions.

Findings

Acetaldehyde resists hydrogenation, with only 10% conversion.

H-abstraction at HCO dominates over hydrogenation at aldehydic carbon.

Formation of radicals leads to a reaction loop protecting the molecule.

Abstract

We sought to determine which are the main hydrogenation paths of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). As a partially unsaturated molecule, CH3CHO can have links with more hydrogenated species, like ethanol (C2H5OH) or with more unsaturated ones, like ketene (H2CCO). We used highly accurate quantum chemical calculations to determine the reaction rate constants for the CH3CHO + H/D reaction. Our theoretical results are confronted against our experiments on the hydrogenation and deuteration of CH3CHO ice. We find that acetaldehyde resists hydrogenation, with only a 10\% of conversion to products different than CH3CHO. This is due to a predominance of H-abstraction at the HCO moiety, with reaction rate constants up to four orders of magnitude higher than the next possible reaction channel, that is hydrogenation at the aldehydic carbon. The formed CH3CO radical experiences barrierless or nearly barrierless reactions in all possible reaction positions, reforming CH3CHO and creating a closed loop that protects the molecule against hydrogenation. We constrain the branching ratios for the second reaction from experiments. Our experiments agree with the calculations and from the combination of both we can explain the presence of H2CCO, CO, CH4, C2H5OH, H2CO or CH3OH as minor products at the end of the reaction. We provide recommendations for future modeling efforts. Our results show limited destruction of acetaldehyde, reinforcing the vision of this molecule as an abundant and resilient COM. From the experiments, we are not able to observe the reactive desorption of this molecule. Our results align with other modeling works, showing that the link between CH3CHO and C2H5OH is not direct. Finally, our results can explain the excess of CH3CDO found in prestellar cores.