Relaxation of A Thermally Bathed Harmonic Oscillator: A Study Based on the Group-theoretical Formalism

TL;DR

This paper uses a group-theoretical approach to analytically study the nonmonotonic relaxation behavior of a quantum harmonic oscillator in a thermal environment, revealing temperature-dependent entropy dynamics for different initial states.

Contribution

It introduces the group-theoretical characteristic function to solve the master equation, providing explicit solutions and uncovering novel nonmonotonic relaxation phenomena in quantum oscillators.

Findings

Quantum oscillator exhibits nonmonotonic entropy relaxation.

Critical temperature determines entropy convergence behavior.

Initial state influences relaxation dynamics and entropy extrema.

Abstract

Quantum dynamics of a damped harmonic oscillator has been extensively studied since the sixties of the last century. Here, with a distinct tool termed the ``group-theoretical characteristic function" (GCF), we investigate analytically how a harmonic oscillator immersed in a thermal environment would relax to its equilibrium state. We assume that the oscillator is at a pure state initially and its evolution is governed by a well-known quantum-optical master equation. By taking advantage of the GCF, the master equation can be transformed into a first-order linear partial differential equation that allows us to write down its solution explicitly. Based on the solution, it is found that, in clear contrast with the monotonic relaxation process of its classical counterpart, the quantum oscillator may demonstrate some intriguing nonmonotonic relaxation characteristics. In particular, when the initial state is a Gaussian state (i.e., a squeezed coherent state), it is found that there is a critical value of the environmental temperature, below which the entropy will first increase to reach its maximum value, then turn down and converge to its equilibrium value from above. For the temperature higher than the critical value, the entropy will converge to its equilibrium value from below monotonically. However, when the initial state is a Fock state, it is found that there is a new phase additional to the previous case, where the time curve of entropy features two extreme points. Namely, the entropy will increase to reach its maximum first, then turn down to reach its minimum, from where it begins to increase and converges to the equilibrium value eventually. Other related issues are discussed as well.