Capturing the Page Curve and Entanglement Dynamics of Black Holes in Quantum Computers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how quantum computers can simulate black hole entanglement dynamics, specifically the Page curve, using a qubit transport model and advanced measurement protocols with error mitigation.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum simulation of black hole evaporation dynamics on IBM quantum hardware, employing efficient protocols to measure entanglement entropy with error mitigation.

Findings

Successfully simulated scrambling dynamics in a black hole model.

Accurately measured Rènyi entropy using quantum hardware.

Showcased the potential of quantum computers for studying complex quantum systems.

Abstract

Quantum computers are emerging technologies expected to become important tools for exploring various aspects of fundamental physics in the future. Therefore, we pose the question of whether quantum computers can help us to study the Page curve and the black hole information dynamics, which has been a key focus in fundamental physics. In this regard, we rigorously examine the qubit transport model, a toy qubit model of black hole evaporation on IBM's superconducting quantum computers, to shed light on this question. Specifically, we implement the quantum simulation of the scrambling dynamics in black holes using an efficient random unitary circuit. Furthermore, we employ the swap-based many-body interference protocol and the randomized measurement protocol to measure the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation qubits in this model. Finally, by incorporating quantum error mitigation techniques into our challenging implementation of entanglement entropy measurement protocols on the IBM quantum hardware, we accurately determine the R\'enyi entropy in the qubit transport model, thus showcasing the utility of quantum computers for future investigations of complex quantum systems.