Supernovae evidence for foundational change to cosmological models

TL;DR

This study uses a model-independent analysis of supernova data to compare standard cosmology with an alternative inhomogeneous model, finding strong evidence favoring the latter and suggesting foundational changes in cosmology.

Contribution

It introduces a new statistical approach to supernova analysis that favors the timescape cosmology over the standard $ ext{Lambda}$CDM model, challenging conventional cosmological assumptions.

Findings

Strong evidence ($ ext{ln} B>5$) supports timescape over $ ext{Lambda}$CDM.

Timescape model preferred even at high redshifts ($z>0.075$).

Results suggest revisiting cosmological foundations.

Abstract

We present a new, cosmologically model-independent, statistical analysis of the Pantheon+ type Ia supernovae spectroscopic dataset, improving a standard methodology adopted by Lane et al. We use the Tripp equation for supernova standardisation alone, thereby avoiding any potential correlation in the stretch and colour distributions. We compare the standard homogeneous cosmological model, i.e., $\Lambda$CDM, and the timescape cosmology which invokes backreaction of inhomogeneities. Timescape, while statistically homogeneous and isotropic, departs from average Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker evolution, and replaces dark energy by kinetic gravitational energy and its gradients, in explaining independent cosmological observations. When considering the entire Pantheon+ sample, we find very strong evidence ($\ln B> 5$) in favour of timescape over $\Lambda$CDM. Furthermore, even restricting the sample to redshifts beyond any conventional scale of statistical homogeneity, $z > 0.075$, timescape is preferred over $\Lambda$CDM with $\ln B> 1$. These results provide evidence for a need to revisit the foundations of theoretical and observational cosmology.