Experimental heating of complex organic matter at Titan's interior conditions supports contributions to atmospheric N2 and CH4

TL;DR

This study experimentally simulates Titan's interior conditions to show that organic matter can produce methane and nitrogen compounds, supporting their potential sources for Titan's atmosphere and offering insights into its origin and evolution.

Contribution

It provides experimental evidence that hydrothermal alteration of organic matter can generate atmospheric gases like CH4 and N2 under Titan-like conditions, highlighting a possible interior source.

Findings

Sufficient CH4 produced at >250°C to explain Titan's atmosphere.

NH3 volatilization can account for at least 50% of N2 in Titan's atmosphere.

Isotopic signatures match constraints for Titan's organic and atmospheric evolution.

Abstract

Titan's abundant atmospheric N2 and CH4 gases are notable characteristics of the moon that may help constrain its origins and evolution. Previous work suggests that atmospheric CH4 is lost on geologically short timescales and may be replenished from an interior source. Isotopic and noble gas constraints indicate that N2 may derive from a mixture of NH3 ice and heating of organic matter. Here, we report experimental results from hydrothermal alteration of insoluble organic matter from the Murchison meteorite and analog insoluble organic matter at temperatures and pressures that are relevant to Titan's interior. Our results indicate both CH4 and CO2 are formed, with the ratio between the two depending on a multitude of factors, particularly temperature and, to a lesser degree, the dielectric constant of water and carbonyl abundance in the starting material. Sufficient CH4 is produced to source Titan's atmospheric reservoir if temperatures are greater than 250{\deg}C. Nitrogen is volatilized, primarily in the form of NH3, in sufficient abundances to source at least 50% of Titan's atmospheric N2. The isotopic characteristics of volatilized material relative to the starting organics are consistent with current constraints for the nature of the accreted complex organics and Titan's evolved atmosphere.