Cosmology with Supernova Encore in the lensing cluster MACS J0138$-$2155 -- Spectroscopy with MUSE

TL;DR

This paper presents a detailed spectroscopic analysis of the lensing cluster MACS J0138-2155 using MUSE data, including redshift measurements, stellar kinematics, and mass modeling, to improve the accuracy of $H_0$ determination from lensed supernovae.

Contribution

It provides new spectroscopic data and stellar kinematic measurements for the first galaxy cluster hosting two strongly-lensed supernovae, enhancing mass modeling for cosmological parameter estimation.

Findings

Redshifts for 107 objects including 50 cluster members and 13 lensed images.

Reliable stellar velocity dispersions for 14 cluster members and 2 background galaxies.

Calibrated the Faber-Jackson relation with a slope of 0.25 ± 0.05.

Abstract

We present a spectroscopic analysis of MACS J0138$-$2155, at $z=0.336$, the first galaxy cluster hosting two strongly-lensed supernovae (SNe), Requiem and Encore, providing us with a chance to obtain a reliable $H_0$ measurement from the time delays between the multiple images. We take advantage of new data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the Very Large Telescope, covering a central $1 \rm \, arcmin^2$ of the lensing cluster, for a total depth of 3.7 hours, including 2.9 hours recently obtained by our Target of Opportunity programme. Our new spectroscopic catalogue contains reliable redshifts for 107 objects, including 50 galaxy cluster members with secure redshift values in the range $0.324 < z < 0.349$, and 13 lensed multiple images from four background sources between $0.767\leq z \leq 3.420$, including four images of the host galaxy of the two SNe. We exploit the MUSE data to study the stellar kinematics of 14 bright cluster members and two background galaxies, obtaining reliable measurements of their line-of-sight velocity dispersion. Finally, we combine these results with measurements of the total magnitude of the cluster members in the Hubble Space Telescope F160W band to calibrate the Faber-Jackson relation between luminosity and stellar velocity dispersion ($L \propto \sigma^{1/\alpha}$) for the early-type cluster member galaxies, measuring a slope $\alpha=0.25^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$. A pure and complete sample of cluster member galaxies and a reliable characterisation of their total mass structure are key to building accurate total mass maps of the cluster, mitigating the impact of parametric degeneracies, which is necessary for inferring the value of $H_0$ from the measured time delays between the lensed images of the two SNe.