Empathic Coupling of Homeostatic States for Intrinsic Prosociality

TL;DR

This paper explores how autonomous agents can develop prosocial behavior through homeostatic coupling, using multi-agent reinforcement learning and empathy-like mechanisms to share internal states, leading to emergent prosociality.

Contribution

It introduces a novel homeostatic coupling mechanism inspired by empathy, demonstrating its role in fostering prosocial behavior in autonomous agents.

Findings

Prosocial behavior emerges only with homeostatic coupling.

Affective empathy via state coupling influences agent cooperation.

Cognitive empathy through state observation has different effects.

Abstract

When regarding the suffering of others, we often experience personal distress and feel compelled to help. Inspired by living systems, we investigate the emergence of prosocial behavior among autonomous agents that are motivated by homeostatic self-regulation. We perform multi-agent reinforcement learning, treating each agent as a vulnerable homeostat charged with maintaining its own well-being. We introduce an empathy-like mechanism to share homeostatic states between agents: an agent can either \emph{observe} their partner's internal state (cognitive empathy) or the agent's internal state can be \emph{directly coupled} to that of their partner's (affective empathy). In three simple multi-agent environments, we show that prosocial behavior arises only under homeostatic coupling - when the distress of a partner can affect one's own well-being. Our findings specify the type and role of empathy in artificial agents capable of prosocial behavior.