Regulated polarization of active particles in local osmotic flow fields

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how active particles can autonomously regulate their polarization in local osmotic flow fields through the interplay of thermophoretic and thermo-osmotic effects, leading to stable configurations around a heat source.

Contribution

It introduces a novel self-regulation mechanism for active particles driven by osmotic flows, combining thermophoretic and thermo-osmotic effects at the single-particle level.

Findings

Active particles encircle heat sources at specific distances.

Polarization state is independent of heat source temperature.

Hydrodynamic interactions dominate the regulation process.

Abstract

Regulation to a well-defined target state is a fundamental requirement for achieving reliable functionality in living systems and maintaining specific non-equilibrium states. The control of certain properties and functionalities of systems on the microscale presents a particular challenge since thermal fluctuations and environmental perturbations dominate. While synthetic active matter has demonstrated remarkable self-organization capabilities, examples of autonomous regulation processes at the single-particle level remain scarce. Here, we show that the interplay of two non-equilibrium processes leads to a regulated polarization state of active particles in local osmotic flow fields. The balance between thermophoretic repulsion and attraction by thermo-osmotic boundary flows, both generated by a single heat source, yields a steady state at which active particles encircle the heat source at a distance that depends on the temperature of the heat source. The balance of both temperature-induced processes causes a polarization of the active particles that is independent of the heat source temperature. The individual control of heat source and active particles in the experiment allows a detailed investigation of the self-regulated polarization effect in which we find that hydrodynamic interactions dominate. As the effects rely on osmotic flows and phoretic interactions, we expect that the observed phenomena can be generalized to other active systems and flow fields.