Tunable Josephson voltage source for quantum circuits

TL;DR

This paper introduces a tunable Josephson-based voltage source capable of providing stable, low-noise voltages at cryogenic temperatures, suitable for quantum device applications and continuous tuning without room-temperature electronics.

Contribution

It presents a novel Josephson effect-based voltage source with continuous tunability, high current capacity, and low noise, designed for cryogenic quantum circuits.

Findings

Voltage noise measured at 50 pV RMS.

Device operates in the 30-160 μV range with over 100 nA current.

Voltage can be adjusted without DC control connections.

Abstract

Noisy voltage sources can be a limiting factor for fundamental physics experiments as well as for device applications in quantum information, mesoscopic circuits, magnetometry, and other fields. The best commercial DC voltage sources can be programmed to approximately six digits and have intrinsic noise in the microvolt range. On the other hand the noise level in metrological Josephson-junction based voltage standards is sub-femtovolt. Although such voltage standards can be considered "noiseless," they are generally not designed for continuous tuning of the output voltage nor for supplying current to a load at cryogenic temperatures. We propose a Josephson effect based voltage source, as opposed to a voltage standard, operating in the 30-160 uV range which can supply over 100 nA of current to loads at milli-Kelvin temperatures. We describe the operating principle, the sample design, and the calibration procedure to obtain continuous tunability. We show current-voltage characteristics of the device, demonstrate how the voltage can be adjusted without DC control connections to room-temperature electronics, and showcase an experiment coupling the source to a mesoscopic load, a small Josephson junction. Finally we characterize the performance of our source by measuring the voltage noise at the load, 50 pV RMS, which is attributed to parasitic resistances in the cabling. This work establishes the use of the Josephson effect for voltage biasing extremely sensitive quantum devices.