Exploiting structural observability and graph colorability for optimal sensor placement in water distribution networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel sensor placement method for water distribution networks based on structural observability and graph theory, enabling robust leakage detection without relying on specific network parameters.

Contribution

It develops a structural observability framework and a sensor placement algorithm that are independent of network parameters, improving generalizability and robustness.

Findings

Effective sensor placement achieved in hydraulic-transient models

Method reduces reliance on parameter-specific data

Cost-efficient sensor deployment demonstrated

Abstract

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical systems for our society and detecting leakages is important for minimizing losses and water waste. This makes optimal sensor placement for leakage detection very relevant. Existing sensor placement methods rely on simulation-based scenarios, often lacking structure and generalizability, or depend on the knowledge of specific parameters of the WDN as well as on initial sensor data for linearization and demand estimation. Motivated by this, this paper investigates the observability of an entire WDN, based on structural observability theory. This allows us to establish the conditions for the observability of the WDN model, independently of parameter uncertainties. Additionally, a sensor placement algorithm is proposed that leverages such observability conditions and graph theory and accounts for the industrial and material costs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we apply it to a hydraulic-transient WDN model.