Ferromagnetic ordering in mazelike stripe liquid of a dipolar six-state clock model

TL;DR

This study investigates a six-state clock model with long-range dipolar interactions, revealing complex phase transitions including BKT and stripe order, relevant to multiferroic materials.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive numerical analysis of a dipolar six-state clock model, uncovering novel phase behaviors and transitions not previously characterized.

Findings

Identifies two BKT transitions at low temperatures.

Discovers a first-order transition to a stripe-ordered ground state.

Reveals an intermediate maze-like liquid phase with unique ferromagnetic order.

Abstract

We present a comprehensive numerical study of a six-state clock model with a long-range dipolar type interaction. This model is motivated by the ferroelectric orders in the multiferroic hexagonal manganites. At low temperatures, trimerization of local atomic structures leads to six distinct but energetically degenerate structural distortion, which can be modeled by a six-state clock model. Moreover, the atomic displacements in the trimerized state further produce a local electric polarization whose sign depends on whether the clock variable is even or odd. These induced electric dipoles, which can be modeled by emergent Ising degrees of freedom, interact with each other via long-range dipolar interactions. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate low temperature phases resulting from the competing interactions. Upon lowering temperature, the system undergoes two Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transitions, characteristic of the standard six-state clock model in two dimensions. The dipolar interaction between emergent Ising spins induces a first-order transition into a ground state characterized by a three-fold degenerate stripe order. The intermediate phase between the discontinuous and the second BKT transition corresponds to a maze-like hexagonal liquid with short-range stripe ordering. Moreover, this intermediate phase also exhibits an unusual ferromagnetic order with two adjacent clock variables occupying the two types of stripes of the labyrinthine pattern.