Influence of Nb Alloying on Nb Recrystallization and the Upper Critical Field of Nb3Sn

TL;DR

This study explores how alloying Nb with Hf, Zr, Ta, and Ti affects the upper critical field (Hc2) of Nb3Sn, aiming to enhance its performance for high-field magnet applications by increasing Hc2 and improving microstructure.

Contribution

It demonstrates that alloying Nb with Hf and Zr can significantly increase Hc2 and improve microstructure, offering a new approach to enhance Nb3Sn's high-field performance.

Findings

Hf alloying increases Hc2(0) by 3-4T to 28T.

Adding 1 at.% Hf or Zr raises Hc2(0) to 31T.

Hf and Zr raise recrystallization temperature, improving microstructure.

Abstract

Nb3Sn conductors are important candidates for high-field magnets for particle accelerators, and they continue to be widely used for many laboratory and NMR magnets. However, the critical current density, Jc, of present Nb3Sn conductors declines swiftly above 12-15T. State-of-the-art Ta- and Ti-doped strands exhibit upper critical field, Hc2, values of 24-26.5T (4.2K) and do not reach the FCC target Jc, which serves as the present stretch target for Nb3Sn development. As recently demonstrated, to meet this goal requires enhanced vortex pinning but an independent and supplementary approach is to significantly enhance Hc2. In this study, we have arc-melted multiple Nb alloys with added Hf, Zr, Ta and Ti and drawn them successfully into monofilament wires to investigate the possibilities of Hc2 enhancement through alloying. Hc2(T) was measured for all samples in fields up to 16T and some up to 31T. We have found that all alloys show good agreement with the standard Werthamer, Helfand, and Hohenberg (WHH) fitting procedure without the need to adjust the paramagnetic limitation parameter (alpha) and spin-orbit scattering parameter (lambda_so). The evaluation of dHc2/dT near Tc, which is proportional to the electronic specific heat coefficient (gamma) and the normal state resistivity (rho_n), allows a better understanding of the induced disorder introduced by alloying in the A15 phase. So far, we have observed that Hf alloying of pure Nb can enhance Hc2(0) by 3-4T to 28T, while adding just 1 at. %Hf or Zr into a Nb4Ta base alloy can raise Hc2(0) to 31T. Very importantly we find that Hf and Zr raise the alloy recrystallization temperature above the usual A15 reaction temperature range of 650{\deg}C-750{\deg}C, thus ensuring denser A15 phase nucleation in the Nb alloy grain boundaries, possibly leading to a more homogeneous A15 phase Sn content and refined A15 grain size. The potential for...