Virtual Reflections on a Dynamic 2D Eye Model Improve Spatial Reference Identification

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel dynamic eye model with reflection features that enhance spatial reference clarity in human-machine interaction, demonstrated through improved accuracy and user experience in a user study.

Contribution

The introduction of gaze-contingent virtual reflections on artificial eyes to resolve spatial reference ambiguities in screen-based models.

Findings

Higher identification accuracy with reflective eye models

Improved user experience in dynamic interaction tasks

Synergistic benefit of combining reflection and gaze features

Abstract

The visible orientation of human eyes creates some transparency about people's spatial attention and other mental states. This leads to a dual role of the eyes as a means of sensing and communication. Accordingly, artificial eye models are being explored as communication media in human-machine interaction scenarios. One challenge in the use of eye models for communication consists of resolving spatial reference ambiguities, especially for screen-based models. To address this challenge, we introduce an approach that incorporates reflection-like features that are contingent on the movements of artificial eyes. We conducted a user study with 30 participants in which participants had to use spatial references provided by dynamic eye models to advance in a fast-paced group interaction task. Compared to a non-reflective eye model and a pure reflection mode, the superimposition of screen-based eyes with gaze-contingent virtual reflections resulted in a higher identification accuracy and user experience, suggesting a synergistic benefit.