Unidirectional focusing of light using structured diffractive surfaces

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel reciprocal diffractive surface design that achieves unidirectional light focusing using deep learning optimization, demonstrating high efficiency, robustness, and versatility across wavelengths with experimental validation.

Contribution

It introduces a new structured diffractive surface design for unidirectional focusing, optimized via deep learning, and validated experimentally in the terahertz range.

Findings

Achieved efficient forward focusing and backward blocking of light.

Demonstrated robustness against wavefront-based adversarial attacks.

Validated the design experimentally with terahertz radiation.

Abstract

Unidirectional optical systems enable selective control of light through asymmetric processing of radiation, effectively transmitting light in one direction while blocking unwanted propagation in the opposite direction. Here, we introduce a reciprocal diffractive unidirectional focusing design based on linear and isotropic diffractive layers that are structured. Using deep learning-based optimization, a cascaded set of diffractive layers are spatially engineered at the wavelength scale to focus light efficiently in the forward direction while blocking it in the opposite direction. The forward energy focusing efficiency and the backward energy suppression capabilities of this unidirectional architecture were demonstrated under various illumination angles and wavelengths, illustrating the versatility of our polarization-insensitive design. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these designs are resilient to adversarial attacks that utilize wavefront engineering from outside. Experimental validation using terahertz radiation confirmed the feasibility of this diffractive unidirectional focusing framework. Diffractive unidirectional designs can operate across different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum by scaling the resulting diffractive features proportional to the wavelength of light and will find applications in security, defense, and optical communication, among others.