A new basic air shower observable sensitive to the cosmic-ray elemental mass

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new observable, ta_{ ho}, derived from lateral electron densities in air showers, which correlates with primary cosmic-ray mass and shower age, offering a potentially model-independent method for composition analysis.

Contribution

The study proposes a novel observable ta_{ ho} based on lateral electron densities that correlates with cosmic-ray primary mass and shower age, improving composition estimation methods.

Findings

ta_{ ho} correlates with shower age and primary mass.

The method estimates shower age with minimal model dependence.

Mass composition estimates show some model dependence.

Abstract

Based on a Monte Carlo simulation study of vertical extensive air showers (EAS) at the KASCADE location we introduce a new simple observable $\eta_{\rho{(45;310)}}$ (in short $\eta_{\rho}$) - the ratio between two lateral electron densities of an EAS measured at two well-defined radial distances indicated by the characteristic radial feature of the local age parameter (LAP). Our analyses of simulated data generated by the Group I nuclei with cosmic-ray elemental masses, $A_{\text{actual}}=1,4,12,16,24,32,40,56$, observed a double correlation of $\eta_{\rho}$ with, (i) the lateral shower age $s_{\text{av}}$, and (ii) $A_{\text{actual}}$ of the EAS initiating primary particle. Applying the first correlation to a new set of simulated showers initiated by the Group II nuclei with $A_{\text{actual}}=7,14,20,28,40,52$, the average difference between the lateral shower age $s_{\text{av}}$ obtained directly from the conventional LAP approach and the estimated one $s_{\text{est}}$ is found to be close to $0$. The second correlation involving $\eta_{\rho}$ with $A_{\text{actual}}$ applied to the set of such showers estimates the average atomic mass $<\ln{A_{\text{est}}}>$ of their shower initiating primaries, utilizing the $\eta_{\rho}$s. Results of the work revealed that the method of estimating the lateral shower age is almost high-energy interaction model-independent. A certain level of model dependence is albeit found in the case of $<\ln{A_{\text{est}}}>$ estimation.