Emergent unitary designs for encoded qubits from coherent errors and syndrome measurements

TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to generate unitary designs on encoded qubits using local rotations and syndrome measurements in surface codes, revealing a phase transition linked to the code's error threshold.

Contribution

It demonstrates that local coherent errors combined with syndrome measurements induce logical unitary designs, connecting phase transitions in quantum error correction and unitary design generation.

Findings

Logical unitaries converge to a unitary design above a threshold of coherent errors.

The phase transition coincides with the surface code's coherent error threshold.

A classical simulation algorithm maps the process to a monitored circuit with an entanglement transition.

Abstract

Unitary $k$-designs are distributions of unitary gates that match the Haar distribution up to its $k$-th statistical moment. They are a crucial resource for randomized quantum protocols. However, their implementation on encoded logical qubits is nontrivial due to the need for magic gates, which can require a large resource overhead. In this work, we propose an efficient approach to generate unitary designs for encoded qubits in surface codes by applying local unitary rotations ("coherent errors") on the physical qubits followed by syndrome measurement and error correction. We prove that under some conditions on the coherent errors (notably including all single-qubit unitaries) and on the error correcting code, this process induces a unitary transformation of the logical subspace. We numerically show that the ensemble of logical unitaries (indexed by the random syndrome outcomes) converges to a unitary design in the thermodynamic limit, provided the density or strength of coherent errors is above a finite threshold. This "unitary design" phase transition coincides with the code's coherent error threshold under optimal decoding. Furthermore, we propose a classical algorithm to simulate the protocol based on a "staircase" implementation of the surface code encoder and decoder circuits. This enables a mapping to a 1+1D monitored circuit, where we observe an entanglement phase transition (and thus a classical complexity phase transition of the decoding algorithm) coinciding with the aforementioned unitary design phase transition. Our results provide a practical way to realize unitary designs on encoded qubits, with applications including quantum state tomography and benchmarking in error correcting codes.