A New LISA-Detectable Type Ia Supernova Progenitor in the Southern Sky: SMSS J1138-5139

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a nearby ultra-compact binary system, SMSS J1138-5139, which is a confirmed LISA-detectable progenitor of a Type Ia supernova, with detailed analysis of its orbital and physical parameters.

Contribution

It presents the first well-constrained LISA-detectable Type Ia supernova progenitor, including detailed modeling of its binary parameters and predicted supernova outcome.

Findings

Binary system has a 27.69-minute orbital period.

System contains a 0.24 M_sun pre-white dwarf and a 0.99 M_sun white dwarf.

Gravitational wave emission will be detectable by LISA within 4 years.

Abstract

We present the discovery and analysis of a nearby eclipsing ultra-compact accreting binary at coordinates 11:38:10.91 $-$51:39:49.15 (SMSS J1138$-$5139), the first well-constrained LISA-detectable Type Ia supernova progenitor. Our time series optical spectroscopy identifies its orbital period through radial velocity monitoring at $P_{\rm orb,RV}=27.69\pm0.03~{\rm min}$; twice the photometric period seen in 2-minute cadence data from TESS Sector 37. We model our optical spectroscopy together with new simultaneous multi-band time series photometry from Gemini to place constraints on the binary parameters. Our light curve modeling finds that SMSS J1138$-$5139 contains an $M_2=0.24~{\rm M_\odot}$ pre-white dwarf donor with a massive $M_1=0.99~{\rm M_\odot}$ white dwarf accretor at orbital inclination $i=88.7~{\rm deg}$. Based on our photometrically derived system parameters, we expect that gravitational wave radiation will drive SMSS J1138$-$5139 to a merger within $\tau=5.7\pm0.3~{\rm Myr}$ and result in a Type Ia supernova. Even without a direct merger event, the component masses of SMSS J1138$-$5139 and active hydrogen accretion suggest that eventual helium accretion will likely also trigger a Type Ia supernova explosion through the dynamically-driven double-degenerate double-detonation (D6) channel. We expect LISA to detect the gravitational wave emission from SMSS J1138$-$5139 with signal-to-noise $7-10$ after a 48-month mission.