Entanglement asymmetry in the Hayden-Preskill protocol

TL;DR

This paper studies how entanglement asymmetry evolves in the Hayden-Preskill protocol, revealing an emergent $U(1)$ symmetry in black hole radiation that depends on initial conditions and transition time.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of entanglement asymmetry evolution and demonstrates the emergence of a $U(1)$ symmetry in black hole radiation during the Hayden-Preskill process.

Findings

Emergent $U(1)$ symmetry appears before a transition time.

Transition time depends on initial entropy and diary size.

Maximally mixed initial state preserves symmetry throughout.

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the time evolution of entanglement asymmetry of the black hole radiation in the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment. We assume the black hole is initially in a mixed state since it is entangled with the early radiation. Alice throws a diary maximally entangled with a reference system into the black hole. After the black hole has absorbed the diary, Bob tries to recover the information that Alice thought should be destroyed by the black hole. In this protocol, we found that a $U(1)$ symmetry of the radiation emerges before a certain transition time (the time when the vanishing entanglement asymmetry begins to grow). This emergent symmetry is exact in the thermodynamic limit and can be characterized by the vanishing entanglement asymmetry of the radiation. The transition time depends on the initial entropy and the size of the diary. What's more, when the initial state of the black hole is maximally mixed, this emergent symmetry survives during the whole procedure of the black hole radiation. We successfully explained this novel phenomenon using the decoupling inequality.